Combined KPP01

The supervision of motor vehicles and road traffic as well as other matters related to roads and vehicles on them are provided for under the Road Transport Act 1987 and the Motor Vehicles Rules 1959

a) Motorcycle - 16 years;
b) Car - 17 years; and
c) Other vehicles - 21 years.

There are 7 types of driving licenses issued by JPJ in both physical and digital forms (which can be accessed through the MyJPJ mobile app) as follows:

a) Learner Driver's License (LDL)

b) Probationary Driver's License (PDL)

c) Competent Driver's License (CDL)

d) Public Service Vehicle License (PSV)

e) Conductor License

f) Goods Driver's License (GDL)

g) Military Driver's License

h) International Driving Permit (IDP)

i) Application or renewal of the LDL should not exceed a total aggregate period of 2 years from the date the LDL is issued.

ii) A person must pass all tests that have been set according to the class of license applied for within a period of 2 years. If they fail within that period, the applicant must retake the course, training, and tests.

i) Driving license application form (JPJL1);
ii) identity Card / original Passport; and
iii) 1 color photo with a white background measuring 25mm x 32mm.

i) Original Identity Card / Passport;
ii) Original driving learners license; and
iii) Payment of the fee set by JPJ.

. Candidates must obtain a certificate of attendance for the KPP01 classroom teaching course (JPJL2A)

. Candidates must answer 70 questions within 1 hour and 15 minutes. The minimum passing score for the test is 56/70
. Candidates who fail the computer-based Part I test are allowed to retake the test at any time after the test booking has been made.

. Candidates must complete Part I of the exam within 1 year from the date the certificate (JPJL2A) is issued.

. If the candidate fails to complete Part I of the Test within 1 year, the candidate must retake the Safe Driving Theory Course (KPP 01) and Part 1 of the Test.

Training Elements:
. Motorcycle Safety Check Routine (RPM)
. Pre-Ride Inspection (PSMP)
. Riding on a bridge
. Riding obstacles between cones
. Emergency braking
. Riding on uneven terrain
. Executing figure '8' movements
. Riding on sharp turns

Exercise Elements:
. Vehicle Inspection Routine (RPK)
. Pre-Driving Routine (RSM)
. Movement in 'S' corners
. Movement in 'Z' corners
. Climbing and descending hills
. Side parking
. Three-point movement
. Incline (ramp) for automatic transmission cars

The purpose of practical training on the road:
• to identify and address hazards;
• the ability to manage speed;
• to overtake and change lanes; and
• the ability to drive and control the vehicle competently and safely on the road.

. The driving competency test aims to ensure that each driving test candidate has achieved the standards in terms of knowledge (cognitive), driving skills (psychomotor), and practicing good values (affective) to cultivate safe driving culture.
. Competency tests need to be conducted to determine the level of competency of a driver before they are granted a driving license and allowed to drive.
. Issuance of Probation Driving Licence (PDL) at the JPJ counter and online

. Candidates will receive the results of Parts II and III of the test immediately after the test.
. Candidates who fail in Parts II and III of the examination are allowed to retake the test on the same day, after making a reservation or according to the date set by the JPJ.
. Candidates who are not satisfied because they failed the driving test can submit a written appeal as soon as the test has been completed or no later than 3 working days.

i) Always carry a learner's license (PDL).
ii) Ensure that the alcohol level in breath, blood, and urine is 0.0.
iii) Display the identification sign "P" at the front and back of the vehicle according to the type of vehicle as stated below.

Size: 15 cm × 15 cm. Color: Letter "P" in red on a white background. Location to affix on the motorcycle: Front: in a clearly visible place (usually on top of the headlight or the front part of the motorcycle). Back: in a clearly visible place (usually on the rear mudguard or near the license plate).

Specification for the sticker "P"
Size: 15 cm × 15 cmColor:
The letter “P” in red on a white background
✅ Location for affixing on the vehicle
Front windshield
Top left (driver's side) or bottom left (passenger's side) — as long as it is clearly visible from the outside.Rear windshieldTop right or bottom right — also must be clearly visible from the outside.
⚠️ Important:The sticker must not be affixed over the license plate or in a way that obstructs vision.
It must be displayed at all times during the probationary license period (2 years).
Failure to comply may result in fines/penalties from JPJ or the police.

• Driving license application form (JPJL1);
• Original identification card / Original passport (for foreign citizens);
• 1 colored image with a white background measuring 25mm x 32mm; and
• The fee set by the JPJ.

i) This application can be made within 7 days before the end of the probation period and no more than 1 year from the date of expiry of the probationary driving license.

ii) A competent driving license can be applied for a validity period ranging from 1 year to 10 years.

iii) An competent driving license holder who is convicted of certain offenses may have their competent driving license suspended or revoked by the Court or the Director-General of Road Transport Malaysia.

• 18 years for conductor, motorcycle GDL, Class C; and
• 21 years old and above for GDL and PSV.

The classification of driver's licenses is based on the definition of the license class stated in the Malaysian Driving License (MDL) as contained in Table 3 below.

Any military driving license only allows its holder to drive on the roads, subject to the categories and limits set by the type of license.

Foreign nationals who are in Malaysia for a temporary period of less than 12 months are subject to the following matters:

. The original MyKad / passport and a copy of the valid CDL license must be more than 1 year old.
. 1 colored image on a white background measuring 25mm x 32mm; and

. Payment of RM150 for a period of 1 year.

i) The practical driving training process KPP02 and KPP03;

ii) The practical driving training process KPP02 and KPP03;

ii) Part II and III test (JPJ practical test).

i) Attend a basic course at the driving training circuit (JPJL2B);

ii) Apply for a learner's driving license (LDL) for the relevant class; and

iii) Undergo training and pass the required tests.

Driving training premises equipped with various facilities such as a training track and lecture rooms.

Does not have driving circuit facilities

IM branch office owned by IM to register candidates only while the training process is carried out at IM.

Managed by a coach/instructor (certified by JPJ) & possesses the Driving Institute Instructor Certificate (SPIM). Conducted using vehicles registered under the Driving Institute/School and possesses the Driving Institute Certificate (SKIM).

Referring to this agreement, a Foreign Driving License issued by the contracting state (as in Schedule 4) can be used in Malaysia by presenting it along with a valid and enforceable International Driving Permit (IDP).

. Referring to this agreement, a Foreign Driving License issued by the guarantor country (ASEAN countries) can be used in Malaysia if the driving license is in English.

Referring to this agreement, the Republic of Maldives Driving License can be used in Malaysia without presenting an International Driving Permit (IDP) and vice versa, the Malaysian Driving License can be used in Maldives without presenting an International Driving Permit (IDP) for a period of 10 years from the agreement agreed upon by both countries.

i. Individuals under diplomatic corps;

ii. Participants of Malaysia My Second Home (MM2H); and

iii. Malaysian citizens who obtained a foreign driver's license before holding an LMM.

i) Possess a valid and effective Singapore driving license (expiry not less than 3 years)

ii) Submit a letter of confirmation of the Singapore Driving License (Extract of Driving License Records) from the Singapore Police Force for a validity period not exceeding 6 months from the date the letter is issued.

i) Original Singapore driving license (for verification and to be stamped before being returned to the applicant);

ii) 1 copy of Singapore driving license

iii) 1 piece of image sized 25mm x 32mm; and

iv) A Singapore driving license that is still valid within 1 year and has received confirmation from the Singapore authorities.

An individual who has a long-term deficiency in terms of physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory aspects that when interacting with various barriers, may restrict their full and effective participation in Society (refer to the official website of the Department of Social Welfare at jkm.gov.my if further explanation regarding this matter is needed)

a) Possess a OKU card issued by the Department of Social Welfare;

b) Confirmed eligibility by a registered medical practitioner through the Health Examination Form for OKU Driving License Application; and

c) Own a vehicle or a vehicle permitted for the applicant's use only that has been modified according to the physical capabilities approved by the JPJ Automotive Engineering Division (the driving license class eligibility is only A or A1).

a) Candidates must submit an application to the State / Branch JPJ.

b) After the application has been considered and approved, candidates must take the following actions:

c) Register at the Driving Institute;

i) The type of disability sticker used is a transparent plastic type.

ii) The disability sticker must be attached/displayed on the inside surface of the front windshield, at the top, right corner and left corner at the back of the car's windscreen.

i) The type of disability sticker used is the reflective 3M type.

ii) The disability sticker must be displayed on the upper part, the right front corner and the back of the motorcycle sidecar.

i) The type of OKU sticker used is the reflective type from 3M.

ii) The OKU sticker must be displayed at the top, right front corner of the motorcycle and on an additional plate attached to the bottom of the rear registration plate of the motorcycle.

i) Regulating traffic movement;

ii) To give warnings and inform road users about dangers or important information; and

iii) Serve as a reference for road users to take appropriate action.

Round, hexagon, triangle, and square shapes in red color.

Square shape (diamond) Orange, yellow and black.

Diamond-shaped (quadrilateral)
colored orange, yellow, and black.

• Pay attention to the traffic environment to see the crossing signals facing it.

. Ensure the vehicle is in the correct position or lane to ensure the action space and visibility of the vehicle are at their best level.

Determine the appropriate vehicle speed and the safe distance between vehicles based on the traffic signal information in the area being traversed.

. Use the appropriate gear according to speed and traffic conditions to ensure the vehicle's capacity, stability, and control are at optimum levels.

. Use the appropriate gear according to speed and traffic conditions to ensure the vehicle's capacity, stability, and control are at optimum levels.

• Use careful and controlled acceleration to pass through traffic areas or obstacles.

At the end of this course, the driving license candidates should be able to:

I) Understanding the risks associated with traffic signals.

II) Understanding the meaning and importance of traffic signs.

iii) Applying knowledge and understanding in various situations on the road.

Do not continue your journey as this situation may cause an accident.

i) Intersection: All vehicles are not entitled to priority. Drivers must be considerate and prioritize safety to ensure smoother movement.

ii) T-junction: Give priority to vehicles that are on the main road to move first.

i. Drivers from both directions may take action to overtake and/or turn back

ii. Parking on the shoulder is allowed if it can be done safely.

i. As a boundary between the lane and the shoulder of the road. Vehicles must not be driven beyond the white line.

ii. Parking on the shoulder of the road is not permitted.

Indicating the prohibition of parking on the roadside, the entire length of this road is marked with this yellow line.

i. Obey the crossing traffic lights.

ii. If there are no traffic lights, reduce the speed of the vehicle and stop if necessary to give way to pedestrians to cross.

iii. Do not overtake in this area.

iv. Horns are prohibited.

i. Other vehicles are prohibited from using this lane or stopping in this area.

ii. This lane is reserved to facilitate the movement of public transport (buses/taxis) to pick up and drop off passengers.

near the junction;
. near the roundabout;
. near the pedestrian crossing;
. toll plaza, and

. any obstacle that requires fast-driven vehicles to reduce their speed.

i. All vehicles are not allowed to stop in the yellow box.

ii. Stopping in the yellow box will cause other vehicles to be disturbed as conditions from other directions cannot proceed.

i. Chevron sign for two-way traffic.

ii. Vehicles are prohibited from entering areas marked like this.

i. Chevron markings for converging traffic.

ii. Vehicles are prohibited from entering areas marked like this.

i. The chevron sign indicates diverging traffic.

ii. Vehicles are prohibited from entering areas marked like this.

i. Slow down the vehicle.
ii. Switch to a lower gear and continue driving.

❌ The failure to slow down the vehicle will cause the vehicle to jolt violently, lose control, and suffer damage; passengers will also feel uncomfortable.

i. Slow down the vehicle.
ii. Switch to a lower gear and continue driving.

❌ The failure to slow down the vehicle will cause the vehicle to jolt violently, lose control, and suffer damage; passengers will also feel uncomfortable.

i. Stop at the intersection.
ii. Watch for vehicles from the right, left, front and the surroundings of the junction.
iii. Give way to vehicles from the right.

❌ Failure to stop the vehicle will increase the risk of collisions or obstruct traffic.

i. Stop at the intersection.
ii. Watch for vehicles from the right, left, front and the surroundings of the junction.
iii. Give way to vehicles from the right.

❌ Failure to stop the vehicle will increase the risk of collisions or obstruct traffic.

i. Be careful when arriving at this area.
ii. Comply with the speed limit that has been set. (The speed limit is in km/h units).

❌ Failure to comply with speed limits will increase the risk of collisions and the risk of injury in the event of a collision.

i. Ensure the intersection of the road you intend to go to.
ii. Watch for vehicles coming in and out.
iii. Plan the movement and actions you should take before entering the intended intersection.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of collision for you and other road users.

i. Ensure that the prohibited roads are not entered.
ii. Only enter the permitted roads.
ii. Watch out for vehicles coming in and out.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of your collision and that of other road users.

i. Drive carefully.
ii. Signal before turning right.
iii. Keep the vehicle close to the right side of the white line.
iv. Be cautious of vehicles coming out of the intersection.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

i. Drive carefully.
ii. Signal before turning left.
iii. Keep the vehicle close to the left side.
iv. Be careful of vehicles coming out from the intersection.

❌ The failure to plan and act well will increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

i. Slow down the vehicle and signal to turn left or right.
ii. STOP when arriving at the intersection.
iii. Check for no vehicles coming from the other direction and other traffic conditions.
iv. If it is safe, proceed out of the intersection carefully.

❌ Failure to check conditions, plan and act safely will increase your risk of collision with other road users.

i. Slow down the vehicle.
ii. Signal if you want to turn left.

❌ The failure to plan and act well will increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

i. Slow down the vehicle.
ii. Signal whether you want to turn left or right.
iii. Move the vehicle closer to the lane you wish to go.

❌ The failure to plan and act well will increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

i. Slow down the vehicle.
ii. Indicate if you want to turn right.
iii. Give way to vehicles coming from the front.

❌ The failure to plan and act well will increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

i) Slow down the vehicle.

ii) Follow the correct lane to continue towards the intended lane.

❌ The failure to plan and act well will increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

i) Slow down the vehicle.

ii) Be prepared to take appropriate action for obstacles.

❌ The failure to plan and act well will increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

i) Drive carefully through the space ahead.

ii) Ensure the road is safe before continuing your journey.

❌ The failure to plan and act well will increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

i. Slow down the vehicle.
ii. No overtaking.
iii. Pay attention as far forward as possible and be cautious.
iv. Sound the horn (if necessary).
v. Turn on high beam at night (if necessary).

❌ Failure to slow down the vehicle and use the appropriate gear can result in a collision, or the vehicle veering into oncoming traffic or onto the shoulder of the road.

i. Slow down the vehicle.
ii. No overtaking.
iii. Pay attention as far ahead as possible and be careful.

❌ Failure to reduce vehicle speed and use the appropriate gear can result in a collision or the vehicle veering off into oncoming traffic or onto the shoulder of the road.

i. No straight road ahead.
ii. Slow down your vehicle and be cautious when approaching the intersection.
iii. Determine your destination and do not make sudden movements.

❌ Failure to comply with signals and slow down the vehicle can lead to collisions from the left or right side or to veering off the shoulder of the road.

i. Slow down the vehicle when approaching a curve.
ii. Pay attention to vehicles coming from the opposite direction.
iii. Determine the direction of your destination and do not make sudden maneuvers.
iv. Use the horn or high beams to communicate.

❌ Failure to slow down and use the appropriate gear will cause the vehicle to skid either into oncoming traffic or onto the shoulder of the road.

i. Slow down your vehicle when approaching a curve.
ii. Pay attention to vehicles coming from the opposite direction.
ii. Do not make sudden maneuvers.
iv. Use the horn or high beams to communicate.

❌ Failure to slow down and use the appropriate gear will cause the vehicle to skid either into oncoming traffic or onto the shoulder of the road.

i) Make sure you are in the correct lane.
ii) Be careful of vehicles coming from the front.

❌ Failure to slow down the vehicle can cause the vehicle to skid into the opposite lane or onto the shoulder of the road.

ii) Ensure the correct lane and driving direction.
ii) Pay attention to vehicles coming from the opposite direction.

❌ Failure to slow down the vehicle may cause the vehicle to skid into the opposite lane or onto the shoulder of the road.

ii) Slow down the vehicle and ensure the position in the correct lane.
ii) Give way to vehicles that are in the roundabout.
iii) Ensure a safe space and stop in the roundabout.
iv) Indicate accurately and sufficiently when turning, entering, and exiting the roundabout.

❌ The failure to plan, choose the right lane, signal, and act safely can increase the risk of collision.

i) Pay attention to traffic especially vehicles coming from the opposite direction.
ii) Ensure that the traffic conditions are safe before overtaking.
iii) Maintain a safe distance and speed.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of collision.

i) Heavy vehicles must be in the left lane.
ii) Use the right lane for overtaking.
iii) Maintain a safe distance and speed.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of collision.

i. Slow down vehicles when you see this signal.
ii. Give way to vehicles from the right.
iii. Overtaking is prohibited.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of collisions.

i. Slow down vehicles.
ii. Give way to vehicles from the front.
ii. Do not overtake.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of collisions.

i. Use a low gear for increased power when climbing and speed control when descending.
ii. Control your speed and do not overtake unless there is a passing lane.
iiii. Maintain a safe distance and be aware of changing road conditions.
iv. Do not stop at any time.

❌ Failure to use the appropriate gear and speed will disrupt traffic and increase the risk of collision.

i. Slow down the vehicle.
ii. Give way to vehicles that are closer to the bridge.

❌ Failing to slow down the vehicle, using the appropriate gear, and acting safely can increase the risk of a collision.

i. Slow down the vehicle and do not brake aggressively.
ii. Avoid cutting off other vehicles.
iii. Maintain a safe distance and speed.iv. Requires efficient steering control.

❌ Failing to slow down the vehicle, brake effectively, and maintain a safe distance can increase the risk of collisions.

i. Drive carefully. ii. Be careful before cutting off other vehicles or entering the shoulder of the road. iii. Requires efficient steering control.

❌ Failing to comply with this signal can cause vehicles to skid and overturn, increasing the risk of collisions.

i. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Obey the traffic lights.
iii. RED - Stop completely.
iv. ORANGE - Be ready to stop. v. GREEN - Look left and right, continue your journey if it's safe.

❌ Failure to comply with the RED traffic light can result in collisions and severe injuries or death.

i. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Slow down the vehicle and be ready to stop.
iii. Comply with the stop instructions.

❌ Kegagalan untuk memberhentikan kenderaan boleh menyebabkan kemalangan dan mengganggu lalu lintas.

i. Drive carefully as there may be certain obstacles/dangers ahead that are difficult to predict.
ii. Pay more attention when driving in areas where this signal is present.

❌ Failure to focus and act safely will increase the risk of collision.

i. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Slow down the vehicle.
iii. Be prepared to stop and halt if necessary.
iv. Give way to other vehicles on the main road.

❌ Failure to yield, and maintaining speed and safe distance will increase the risk of collisions and disrupt traffic.

i. Be careful when passing through this area.
ii. Maintain speed and safe distance.
iii. Ensure the road conditions are safe before continuing your journey.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of violations.

ii. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Slow down the vehicle.
iii. Maintain speed and safe distance.
iv. Be prepared to stop the vehicle if there are animals on the road.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of violations.

i. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Slow down the vehicle.
iii. Maintain a safe speed and distance.
iv. Be prepared to stop when wildlife crosses.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of violations.

i. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Watch out for the possibility of children or pedestrians.
iii. Slow down the vehicle and be prepared to stop in this area.
iv. Drive carefully.

i. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Slow down the vehicle and be prepared to stop.
iii. Obey the traffic signal instructions if any.
iv. Give way to pedestrians and drive carefully.

❌ It is forbidden to honk the horn, as it may startle persons with disabilities and lead to uncontrolled actions that could endanger their safety. Drivers can be prosecuted under the APJ1987 if they violate the rights of persons with disabilities in areas marked with this sign.

i. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Watch out for the possibility of children or pedestrians.
iii. Slow down your vehicle and be prepared to stop in this area.
iv. Comply with the instructions of traffic officers/speed limits set in this area.
v. Give way to students crossing and drive carefully.

❌ Honking is prohibited as it may startle school children and cause them to act uncontrollably, which can endanger their safety. Drivers may be prosecuted under the APJ 1987 if they harm children in areas with this sign.

i. ✅ All drivers are not allowed to park their vehicles in places marked with this signal.

ii. ❌ Vehicles parked at the roadside will obstruct the smooth flow of traffic. Vehicles parked in this area may be towed by the authorities. ...

i. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Slow down the vehicle when approaching this area.
iii. Stop and ensure there is no train before continuing your journey.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of collisions.

i. Pay attention as far ahead as possible.
ii. Slow down the vehicle and be prepared to stop.
ii. Watch out for the possibility of children or pedestrians.
iv. Obey traffic light signals if there are any.
v. Give way to pedestrians and drive carefully.

❌ It is prohibited to honk the horn as it can startle pedestrians and cause them to take uncontrollable actions that may jeopardize their safety. Drivers will be charged under the APJ 1987 if they violate pedestrians in areas marked with this sign.

i. Slow down the vehicle when approaching this signal.
ii. Stop and wait until the gate is opened.
iii. Drive carefully.

⚠️ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of collision.

i. Slow down your vehicle when approaching this signal.
ii. Stop and wait until the gate is opened.
iii. Drive carefully.

❌ The failure to plan and act safely will increase the risk of collisions.

❌ Failure to comply with the cutting prohibition will increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

❌ Failure to comply with the cutting prohibition will increase the risk of violation.

❌ Membunyikan hon akan mengganggu ketenteraman awam.

This action will hinder the movement of other traffic and will cause traffic congestion in the area, even though there is room to do so. For example, at intersections and on busy roads.

❌ Failure to comply with the restrictions will increase the risk of violations and disrupt traffic.

❌ Failure to comply with the restrictions will increase the risk of violations and disrupt traffic.

❌ Failure to comply with the restrictions will increase the risk of violations and disrupt traffic.

❌ Failure to comply with the restrictions will increase the risk of violations and disrupt traffic.

❌ Failure to comply with the restrictions will increase the risk of violations and disrupt traffic.

❌ Failure to comply with the restrictions will increase the risk of violations and disrupt traffic.

i. All vehicles are required to stop before the stopping line to ensure safety before proceeding.
ii. Look to the right and to the left.
iii. When it is safe, continue the journey carefully.

❌ Failure to comply with the restrictions will increase the risk of violations and disrupt traffic.

❌ Failure to comply with the restrictions will increase the risk of violations and disrupt traffic.

❌ Failure to comply with the restrictions will increase the risk of violations and disrupt traffic.

i. Comply with the established speed limit. ii. Drive carefully because there are vehicles parked on the left and right sides of the road, and there are often other road users in large numbers such as motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians.

Driving above the set speed limit can endanger yourself as well as other road users.

i. Adhere to the set speed limit.
ii. Drive carefully as there are many intersections and imperfect road conditions.

Driving above the set speed limit can endanger yourself as well as other road users.

i. Adhere to the next speed limit.
ii. Drive carefully as there are many intersections and imperfect road conditions.

❌ Failing to comply with the established speed limits can endanger yourself as well as other road users.

i. Adhere to the specified speed limit.
ii. Drive carefully; if the vehicle's speed is below the speed limit, ensure that it does not disrupt other road users.
iii. Speed can increase the risk of collisions and can cause the vehicle to lose control.
iv. Maintain the correct following distance and watch for vehicles entering and exiting the highway.

Driving above the set speed limit can endanger yourself as well as other road users.

i. Ensure the width of the vehicle being driven.
ii. If the width of the vehicle exceeds the set limit, choose another route.

❌ Failure to comply with the specified width limits can endanger oneself as well as other road users.

i. Ensure the width of the vehicle being driven.
ii. If the width of the vehicle exceeds the set limit, choose another route.

❌ Kegagalan mematuhi had ketinggian yang ditetapkan seterusnya boleh membahayakan diri sendiri serta pengguna jalan raya yang lain.

✅ Ensure the vehicle's load limit.
✅ Avoid passing through if the vehicle exceeds the allowed load limit.
✅ Pay attention to load limit signs.
✅ Avoid adding excessive load that exceeds the established limit as it endangers the safety of other road users.

❌ Failure to comply with the established weight limit can endanger oneself as well as other road users.

✅ Follow the one-way street only.

❌ Failure to comply with this signal will lead to a flow collision, increasing the risk of accidents and traffic congestion.

✅ Go straight.
✅ Turn left (turn right if the opposite symbol).
✅ Turn left or go straight (turn right or go straight if the opposite symbol).

❌ Kegagalan mematuhi tanda isyarat ini akan menyebabkan pertembungan aliran, meningkatkan risiko perlanggaran dan kesesakan lalu lintas.

✅ Go straight.
✅ Turn left (turn right if the opposite symbol).
✅ Turn left or go straight (turn right or go straight if the opposite symbol).

❌ Kegagalan mematuhi tanda isyarat ini akan menyebabkan pertembungan aliran, meningkatkan risiko perlanggaran dan kesesakan lalu lintas.

✅ Follow the directions to your destination whether to the right or left.

❌ Failure to comply with this signal will lead to a flow collision, increasing the risk of accidents and traffic congestion.

✅ Follow the established route instructions.

❌ Failure to comply with this signal will lead to a flow collision, increasing the risk of accidents and traffic congestion.

✅ 1. Drive in the far left lane except when overtaking slower vehicles.
✅ 2. Stay in the left lane after overtaking.
✅ 3. Obey the speed limits.

❌ Failure to comply with this signal will lead to a flow collision, increasing the risk of accidents and traffic congestion.

❌ Other vehicles using this route will increase the risk of collision with authorized vehicles.

❌ Other vehicles are prohibited from using this path.

i. Use only the designated lane.
ii. Other vehicles are prohibited from using this route.

❌ All vehicles except buses are not allowed to use this lane except on Sundays and public holidays and also outside the specified times.

✅ Do not use this parking spot unless you have a permit or permission.

❌ Do not obstruct the path of people with disabilities and the flow of traffic.

✅ If you want to use the phone, slow down the vehicle and signal to stop.

❌ Stop only in safe and permitted places to avoid obstructing traffic movement.

a) Hospitalb)
Clinic

✅ Slow down your vehicle and be prepared to give way to emergency vehicles.

❌ Do not sound the horn as it will disturb public peace and patients.

This signal indicates that there is a parking area in front.

i. Slow down the vehicle.
ii. Signal left and pull over to the left if you want to go to the petrol station.
ii. Be careful when exiting the petrol station.

i. Be careful with buses entering and exiting the stop.
ii. Be careful with passengers who do not plan to get on/off at the stop.
iii. Private vehicles are prohibited; buses are not allowed to stop/park within 9 meters of the stop area.

❗ Do not enter this path if not necessary. Turn back if you have taken the wrong way.

Usually, this signal is found at intersections, under footbridges, and on two-lane roads.

i. Drive carefully and ensure you are in the correct position.
ii. Slow down the vehicle and give way to vehicles coming from the opposite direction.

❌ Do not obstruct traffic coming from the opposite direction.

i. Be careful of heavy vehicles entering and exiting the station.
ii. Follow the instructions on the signal signs.
ii. Ensure the correct lane.
iv. Maintain a safe speed.
v. Avoid sudden acceleration and braking.

i. Drive slowly and carefully according to traffic flow.
ii. Follow the designated route.
iii. Always be aware of pedestrians.
iv. Follow special instructions if applicable.
v. Wait in the designated area if you wish to charge electric vehicles.

i. Plan the journey and drive carefully to the intended destination.
ii. Stop at the rest areas provided if feeling drowsy.
iii. Ensure there is enough fuel to reach the intended destination to avoid any problems during the trip.
iv. Display the main road route number.

i. Determine the correct position and lane if you want to exit.
ii. Slow down the vehicle and move close to the left.
iii. Maintain a safe distance and speed.

i. Take the correct position and signal sufficiently.
ii. Slow down the vehicle and be prepared to stop if necessary. Follow the traffic light instructions (if any).
iii. Give way to vehicles coming from the front or opposite direction. Proceed with caution.

❌ Do not obstruct the flow of traffic on the highway.

✅
i. Determine the direction to be taken.
ii. Follow the correct lane.
iii. Slow down the vehicle when approaching the roundabout and stop if necessary.
iv. Give priority to vehicles from the right and continue on your way carefully.

❌ Do not obstruct the flow of traffic on the road.

i. Take the correct position and signal adequately.
ii. Slow down the vehicle and be prepared to stop if necessary.
iii. Give priority to vehicles coming from the front or opposite direction.
iv. Continue on your journey with caution.

✅ i. Slow down your vehicle and be careful when approaching this area. ii. Pay more attention to your surroundings and watch for any hazards, obstacles, or changes in road conditions.

Failing to slow down the vehicle, using the appropriate gear, and acting safely will increase the risk of a collision.

✅i. Be prepared to slow down the vehicle and drive carefully when passing through this area.ii. Be aware of the surroundings for the presence of workers, equipment, or changes in road conditions.

❌Failure to slow down the vehicle, use the appropriate gear, and act safely will increase the risk of collision.

✅i. Drive carefully and do not exceed the set speed limit.
ii. Reduce vehicle speed if you are driving over the speed limit.
iii. Pay more attention to the surroundings and watch for any hazards, obstacles, or changes in road conditions.

❌Failure to slow down the vehicle, use the appropriate gear, and act safely will increase the risk of collision.

✅i. Drive carefully and be prepared to follow the detour ahead.
ii. Slow down the vehicle if necessary.
iii. Overtaking is prohibited.

❌Failure to slow down the vehicle, use the appropriate gear, and act safely will increase the risk of collision.

✅
i. Slow down your vehicle and obey the speed limit when approaching this area.
ii. Pay more attention to the surroundings and notice any hazards, obstacles, or changes in road conditions.
iii. Give way to vehicles continuing. iv. Signal and change lanes when it is safe.

❌ Failure to slow down the vehicle and understand signals will increase the risk of collision.

✅
i. Perlahanakan kenderaan dan patuhi had laju apabila menghampiri kawasan ini.
ii. Beri isyarat dan tukar lorong seawal mungkin apabila selamat.
iii. Pastikan anda berada di lorong yang betul.

❌
Kegagalan memperlahankan kenderaan, memahami isyarat dan bertindak dengan selamat akan meningkatkan risiko perlanggaran.

✅
i. Slow down the vehicle when approaching a sharp curve.
ii. Be cautious when passing through this area.
iii. Pay attention to vehicles coming from the opposite direction.

❌ Failure to slow down the vehicle and use the appropriate gear will cause the vehicle to skid into either the opposing lane or the roadside.

✅
i. Slow down the vehicle when approaching this area.
ii. Pay attention to vehicles coming from the opposite direction.
iii. Use high beams to communicate.

❌Failing to slow down the vehicle and using the appropriate gear will cause the vehicle to veer off either into the opposite lane or onto the shoulder of the road.

✅
i. Slow down the vehicle and adhere to the speed limit when approaching this area.
ii. Reduce the speed of the vehicle if you are driving over the speed limit.
iii. Be cautious of the corner ahead.
iv. Overtaking is prohibited.

❌Failure to slow down the vehicle, understand signals, and act safely will increase the risk of collisions.

✅
i. Slow down the vehicle and adhere to the speed limits when approaching this area.
ii. Understand and comply with the instructions of the flag holder based on the following actions:

Stop the vehicle: A red flag is held horizontally and the hand is raised showing the palm.
Continue your journey: The red flag is lowered and the hand is waved to the vehicle in front.

Slow down the vehicle: The red flag is waved in an up and down motion not exceeding shoulder height.

❌Failure to slow down the vehicle and comply with the instructions of the flag holder will increase the risk of collision.

✅
i. Slow down your vehicle and be cautious when approaching this area.
ii. Pay more attention to your surroundings and observe any dangers, obstacles, or changes in road conditions.
iii. Be prepared to stop or make safe maneuvers if necessary, depending on the situation.

❌Failing to understand and respond to this warning can increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

✅
i. Slow down your vehicle and be cautious when approaching this area.
ii. Pay more attention to your surroundings and observe any dangers, obstacles, or changes in road conditions.
iii. Be prepared to stop or make safe maneuvers if necessary, depending on the situation.

❌Failing to understand and respond to this warning can increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

✅
i. Be vigilant and careful when passing through this area.
ii. Make sure the road is safe before continuing your journey.
iii. Overtaking is prohibited.

❌Failure to plan and respond well can increase the risk of accidents for you and other road users.

In general, hazards are divided into 5 categories, namely:

. The driver of the vehicle in front brakes the vehicle

. Vehicles on the roadside cause obstructed views

. Other vehicles enter the motorcycle lane. The rider changes lanes unsafely. The rider is tailgating too closely

. The motorcyclists keep their signal lights on continuously

. Motorcyclists are in the opposite lane

. Motorcyclists are facing a red traffic light

. Pedestrians cross indiscriminately

. Pedestrians on the roadside obstruct traffic

. Weaving through the narrow spaces between vehicles in slow-moving traffic

. Changing lanes dangerously
. Not stopping at unlit intersections
. Riding a motorcycle in the opposite direction
. Suddenly cutting off other vehicles
. Making a U-turn in an improper place
. Using a mobile phone

. Potholes
. Bumps/unmarked road
. Uneven road surface caused by manhole covers
. Deposition on the road surface
. Uneven road surface due to resurfacing work
. Excess concrete mixture on the road surface
. Objects on the road such as construction materials and temporary road barriers

An intersection without traffic lights that is hidden from view.

i) There was physical contact with another vehicle, road users, objects, or other elements in the road environment; or some direct handling of the vehicle has caused death, injury, property damage, or financial loss, even without physical contact occurring.

ii) At least one party involved is moving at a certain speed along a specific path.

iii) The incident could possibly have been avoided through certain planning, proactive actions, and reactive actions.

a) In the chain of events leading to a critical situation on the road, the hazard element is the cause of a conflict that may lead to a collision.

b) The two main factors of the hazard element are the triggering factor and the contributing factor as shown in Figure 3 below:

. For example, running a red traffic light or changing lanes without checking for the presence of motorcyclists may trigger a high-risk conflict situation that could lead to collisions and severe injuries.

. Among other examples of this triggering factor are vehicle malfunctions such as a flat tire or brake failure while driving, slippery road surfaces, sharp turns, and so on.

Examples of contributing factors:

Lack of experience and skills in safe driving, being unaware of and ignoring safety risks related to vehicle operation, and factors related to accidents or not consistently practicing safe driving routines.

Weaknesses in risk management practices at the individual or organizational level that undermine the operational level of vehicles or the fitness of vehicle drivers.

i) Observation
ii) Identification
iii) Expectation
iv) Making Decisions to avoid collision.

i) Level 1: Competence to observe, analyze, and detect hazard elements in current traffic.

ii) Level 2: Competence to identify detected hazard elements and understand their nature and rate of development in real-time.

iii) Level 3: Competence to make predictions and projections according to the significance and priority of a hazard element and how it affects driver safety.

i) Level 1: Competence to observe, analyze, and detect hazard elements in current traffic.

ii) Level 2: Competence to identify detected hazard elements and understand their nature and rate of development in real-time.

iii) Level 3: Competence to make predictions and projections according to the significance and priority of a hazard element and how it affects driver safety.

i) The speed of a vehicle affects the time it takes for a person to process information and respond to hazard elements on the road directly.

ii) Driving or riding at high speeds will reduce the time to process information and respond to hazard elements before a collision may occur.

iii) The speed of a vehicle affects the distance required to stop a vehicle. Therefore, even if someone may have time to take actions such as braking to stop a fast-moving vehicle, that vehicle may not be able to stop completely to avoid a collision.

iv) The speed of a vehicle has a significant effect on a person's field of vision and ability to scan the road ahead.

vi) Speed makes it difficult for a motorcyclist to be detected by other drivers or riders.

vii) In addition to visibility factors, the fast movement of a motorcycle makes it harder to process as visual information and poses potential danger.

i) Increasing the tendency to commit traffic violations.

ii) Causes erroneous assessments, for example, regarding collision risks, safe distances, speed, and estimates of safe space while driving or riding.

iii) Becoming a distraction that makes it difficult to fully focus on vehicle handling and hazard detection on the road.

iv) Triggering negative emotions and aggressive attitudes when facing any challenges on the road.

i) The condition of the roads, traffic, and driving such as traffic congestion, bad weather, and the behavior of road users.

ii) Conditions outside of traffic and driving such as personal and social problems like workload, financial demands, family issues, and so on.

iii) The physical and mental condition of the vehicle operator is affected due to certain illnesses, specific injuries, uncomfortable driving positions, or experiencing mental disorders such as depression.

i) Identifying the signs of stress in oneself includes physical, psychological, and behavioral conditions. Some signs of stress include experiencing headaches, getting angry easily, and displaying aggressive behavior.

ii) Identify or recognize the conditions or situations that trigger stress.

iii) Planning the journey such as setting the schedule in a hurry, and choosing the usual route.

iv) Avoiding mental and physical distractions while operating a vehicle.

v) Driving or riding in the correct and comfortable position.

vi) Take a break if the stress becomes uncontrollable.

a) The KEJARA system is an acronym for the Road Safety System, which is a procedure for the imposition of demerit points on driving license holders who commit scheduled offenses under the Road Transport Act 1987 and the regulations under it.

b) This system is aimed at vehicle drivers who possess a competent driving license, a provisional driving license, and a vocational license.

The demerit point system for vehicle drivers who are convicted of scheduled offenses and have paid the stipulated fines (whether from JPJ, PDRM, PBT, APAD, and LLM) or court fines for scheduled offenses.

i) To discipline or educate road users and prevent offenders from repeating mistakes.

ii) To take action against drivers who commit traffic violations.

iii) To separate problematic and at-risk drivers on the road.

iv) To raise awareness among drivers about safety and the importance of adhering to traffic regulations.

v) To make drivers more disciplined, responsible, and considerate on the road.

a) The KEJARA system operates under Section 35 and 35A of the Road Transport Act 1987 and the Road Transport Rules (Demerit Points) 2017 (amendment) 2021.

b) The record of offenders in the KEJARA system is established through summons notices related to scheduled offenses and demerit points will be counted.

c) For drivers who have accumulated 20 or more demerit points, the following actions may be taken as shown in Table 6 below:

i) No scheduled offenses within a period of 12 months;

ii) No outstanding offenses; or

iii) Successfully attended the rehabilitation course.

i) No scheduled offenses within a period of 12 months;

ii) No outstanding offenses; or

iii) Successfully attended the rehabilitation course.

a) Road users found violating regulations and committing offenses may be subjected to certain penalties under the Road Transport Act 1987 and the Road Traffic Rules 1959.

b) A schedule detailing the scheduled offenses and the demerit points assigned for committing those offenses can be referenced on the website of the Road Transport Department (JPJ) through the link www.jpj.gov.my.

The schedule detailing the scheduled offenses and the demerit points awarded, in the event of committing such offenses, can be referenced on the website of the Road Transport Department (JPJ) through the www.jpj.gov.my

The Code of Ethics can be defined as a moral principle or excellent ethical values as a guide for drivers to achieve a standard level of knowledge (cognitive), driving skills (psychomotor), and to practice noble values (affective) to promote a culture of safe driving.

Ethical driving candidates must have a high level of professionalism, be selfless while driving, always be accommodating, calm, patient, disciplined, and tolerant in their driving.

a) The driving candidate is required to always be transparent, clean, and have integrity in dealings with the Driving Institute and the Road Transport Department (JPJ) in the process of obtaining the Malaysian Driving License (LMM).

b) No rewards are to be given by the driving candidate to the Driving Institute Instructor, Road Transport Officer, or any stakeholders as a guarantee to pass in the process of learning to drive a vehicle.

Candidates for Driving are prohibited from using any form of influence or external pressure to sway the Driving Institute Instructors and Road Transport Officers or stakeholders to support the process of obtaining the Malaysian Driving License.

The driving candidates must comply with the traffic laws in force to enhance awareness of the importance of road safety and to cultivate road regulations in the context of safe driving.

a) The driving candidate must comply with careful driving and always ensure the safety of themselves, their vehicle, and other drivers to avoid accidents and reduce the risk of injury, death, loss of time or money that involves all parties.

b) The driving candidate must also not behave recklessly while driving to avoid endangering their own safety and that of other road users.

i) Involve oneself directly or indirectly in drug distribution.

ii) Use or take drugs (except for medical purposes as prescribed by medical practitioners registered under the Medical Act 1971).

ii) Possess, sell, distribute, or consume alcoholic beverages.

a) The driving candidate is required to attend training and tests at the time and place that have been set unless permitted by the Driving Institute in advance.

b) The driving candidate is also not allowed to:

i) Record/verify the attendance of other driving candidates (in case of technical problems with the online system).
ii) Impersonate another driving candidate.
iii) Ask someone else to impersonate a driving candidate.

a) Dress neatly, appropriately, and politely by adhering to the established dress code at all times during training and examinations.
b) Do not wear eye-catching clothing that could lead to negative assumptions among the public.

a) The driving candidate must always maintain dignity in interactions with other candidates, Driving Institution Instructors, Road Transport Officers, or interested parties.

b) Respect gender differences and avoid committing sexual harassment in any form, including acts of harassment that are verbal, non-verbal, visual, physical, psychological, written, or any sexual acts that cause someone to feel offended, insulted, or threatened, such as attempts to approach others or solicit sexual favors.

Driving candidates are prohibited from engaging in any actions that involve or are potentially corrupt towards any Driving Institution Instructor or Road Transport Officer or stakeholders in the process of obtaining a Malaysian Driving License as shown in Figure 5 below:

a) Defensive driving means driving that can avoid and protect oneself from accidents even if the fault originates from other road users.

b) Practicing the concept of defensive driving can reduce the risk of injury, death, loss of time, and money through the following techniques: (Diagram IDA - Identify, Predict, Decide, Act / Identify, Predict, Make Decision, Act, Source: Duanne R. Johnson 1979)

c) In conclusion, the concept of defensive driving refers to a framework of driving practice based on knowledge of traffic rules, high driving skills, a culture of positive attitudes and safe routine practices, as well as the ability to identify, assess, and take action against hazards arising from other road users or other traffic components.

Safe driving is not just a skill, but a reflection of your responsibility on the road.

Referring to sight, hearing, and smell to gather as much information as possible about the situation.

Identify the hazards around you that are involved in various forms.

Make estimates regarding hazards and all possibilities in order to carry out a risk assessment.

Referring to sight, hearing, and smell to gather as much information as possible about the situation.

What can be seen/not seen and what might happen. Make appropriate decisions. Consider all initial possibilities that will reduce the risk to you and other road users.

i) Seeing

ii) Hearing

iii) Smelling

i) Concentration

ii) Sensitivity

i) The sense of observation, namely the eyes, ears, and nose, is functioning well.

ii) Not driving while tired and sleepy.

iii) Always concentrating on the road environment, not using any devices without hands-free tools.

iv) Vehicle lights are functioning properly, especially at night.

v) Not playing the radio loudly so as not to hear sounds from outside.

. What can be seen

. What cannot be seen

. What can be anticipated

i) Type of hazard

ii) How close is your distance

iii) Shape of the road

iv) Whether the hazard is moving

v) How fast you are approaching it

. The faster, the greater the driver's visibility distance.

. Speed reduces the time to think and act.

Obtain information through your surroundings. Organize the information by importance and how it affects the driver. Shape the information regarding what to do by signaling.

Choose the appropriate speed depending on the hazards/information obtained.

Choose the appropriate speed depending on the hazards/information obtained.

Car - the need to shift from gear D to a lower gear (automatic transmission vehicle). Motorcycle - the automatic transmission system will adjust the engine speed to the driving conditions (not using caution or manually for gears).

Make a decision on the level of acceleration to take to avoid and pass known hazards, as well as adjusting speed, other road handling actions, weather conditions, and road conditions.

a) Changing lanes while driving.

b) When wanting to overtake another vehicle.

c) When wanting to enter an intersection.

a) Changing lanes while driving.

b) When wanting to overtake another vehicle.

c) When wanting to enter an intersection.

a) Look slightly to the right or left before making any movement.

b) Use indicators (signals) before moving.

c) Sound the horn before moving.

Drivers need to adhere to regulations while driving on the road to ensure a smooth flow of traffic and to avoid accidents based on the following rules:

a) Distance regulations

b) Overtaking regulations

c) Regulations to avoid accidents in the front direction

d) Regulations at intersections

(There are 4 pictures of vehicles on the road as an illustration)

i) Two (2) Seconds Rule

ii) Four (4) Seconds Rule

i) The speed of the vehicle being driven is approximately the same as the speed of the vehicle being towed.

ii) A stationary sign by the roadside must be identified to serve as a guide, for example, lamp/telephone poles, trees, bridges, and other permanent structures.

iii) There is no need to look at the speedometer to determine the speed.

(Figure 9 shows an illustration of the two-second rule with a stationary object as a guide.)

(Figure 10 shows an illustration with a stationary object and the estimate 'one thousand two')

(Figure 11 shows an illustration with immovable objects and an estimate of 'one thousand two')

. Your vehicle is being followed too closely by the vehicle behind.

. The vehicle in front of you is following the vehicle ahead of it too closely

. When towing a load.

. Bad weather conditions, slippery or sandy roads.

(Figure 12 shows an illustration of a stationary object with a count of 4 seconds)

(Figure 13 shows vehicle A following B with a 4-second gap, while B is closely following C)

(Figure 14 shows a vehicle pulling a load with a 4-second count behind a fixed object)

. Providing enough space and time to slow down and stop the vehicle safely.

. Giving drivers a wider field of view to see the surrounding conditions in front.

i) When the vehicle in front is moving too slowly.

ii) When the vehicle in front is changing direction to the left/right.

iii) When following a vehicle in front that may pose a danger and can cause an accident.

The use of the same technique in Rule Two (2) and Rule Four (4) is also applied to study the skill of twelve (12) instant reflections.

. Ensure a safe following distance.

. Check ahead (12 seconds).

. Practice a safe routine (CITO) by checking the rear and side for information before moving to the right.

. Signal right for at least 3 seconds and change to a lower gear if necessary to gain power for overtaking.

. Move to the right when it is safe to do so and do not rush while changing lanes.

. Accelerate the vehicle to overtake the vehicle being passed to avoid blocking traffic from behind.

. Ensure a safe distance with the vehicle being passed of at least 1 meter (3 feet).

. Use the horn to communicate with the vehicle being passed or flash the lights to communicate with the vehicle in front if necessary.

. Practice safe routine (CITO) by checking the back and sides for information before moving left. Signal left for at least 3 seconds before moving left.

. Move left when it is safe and can see the vehicle ahead in the side mirror and rearview mirror when the overtaken vehicle slides further left.

. Turn off the left signal and adjust the journey by returning to the appropriate position and speed.

i) Look at the road aheadWhen seeing vehicles from the front entering the lane, sound the horn or flash the headlights as a warning.

ii) Act by moving to the leftIf the driver of the vehicle ahead ignores the warning given, act by following safe routine (CITO) to ensure it is safe before moving to the left.

iii) Reduce speedRelease the accelerator pedal, use the brake pedal effectively and shift to a lower gear to help reduce speed. Control the steering firmly.

iv) Drive off the highwayPractice safe routine (CITO) again and move to the left to exit the adjacent highway or space to avoid a collision. This is a last step to prevent a collision from the front.

Every road user needs to know and practice the 4 basic rules at intersections to avoid accidents at intersections and also to be a prudent driver, namely:

i) Plan and determine the direction of travel before reaching the intersection and position the vehicle.

ii) It is prohibited to change direction suddenly when reaching an intersection as such practices can endanger other road users.

iii) Always anticipate potential dangers that may arise at intersections.

iv) Practice safe routine (CITO) before taking action.

i) Slow down the vehicle when crossing an intersection even if at that time the driver has the right of way.

ii) Completely release the accelerator pedal, press the brake pedal and apply pressure until the vehicle stops.

iii) Maintain pressure to ensure the vehicle stops safely and also so that the brake lights remain on for the driver behind to see that the vehicle is being stopped. If the waiting time to continue the journey is long, pull the handbrake and disengage the gear.

iv) The same rules as above should also be practiced every time crossing an intersection.

Drivers need to indicate and assure other road users of their intentions to move and change direction through the position and signals of the vehicle. This can be done by ensuring that the driver is in the correct lane and signaling to turn earlier before performing the maneuver.

i) Drivers must ensure that the condition ahead is safe before moving to the left and right.

ii) Drivers are advised to be cautious and prepared to stop safely in the event of an unexpected situation.

i) Drivers must ensure that the condition ahead is safe before moving to the left and right.

ii) Drivers are advised to be cautious and prepared to stop safely in the event of an unexpected situation.

Pay attention to the situation in front and around to gather as much information as possible.

Use the information collected to plan the actions needed to overcome hazards.

Show information by signaling before making any movements.

Pay attention to the situation in front and around to gather as much information as possible.

Use the information collected to plan the actions needed to overcome hazards.

Show information by signaling before making any movements.

Pay attention to the situation in front and around to gather as much information as possible.

Use the information collected to plan the actions needed to overcome hazards.

Show information by signaling before making any movements.

Pay attention to the situation in front and around to gather as much information as possible.

Use the information collected to plan the actions needed to overcome hazards.

Show information by signaling before making any movements.

Pay attention to the situation in front and around to gather as much information as possible.

Use the information collected to plan the actions needed to overcome hazards.

Show information by signaling before making any movements.

Pay attention to the situation in front and around to gather as much information as possible.

Use the information collected to plan the actions needed to overcome hazards.

Show information by signaling before making any movements.

There are 7 movements that drivers need to know and practice safely and accurately on the road to avoid accidents and ensure smooth driving.

Moving into traffic means joining the flow of traffic. This action occurs when a driver moves from the shoulder of the road into the roadway, from an entrance ramp onto the road, from a parking space onto the roadway, changing lanes, and entering a roundabout.

Moving on the road means driving safely at the correct speed and position. This movement occurs when the vehicle is on or moving on the road, driving on sharp curves, driving on various road surfaces, being on damaged roads, potholes, and oil spills, as well as during emergencies such as vehicle breakdowns and accidents.

Moving together with the flow of traffic means controlling the vehicle safely and smoothly in the correct position with other vehicles. Maneuvering is also performed when following a vehicle, being in front of other vehicles, competing in movement with other vehicles, and should avoid maneuvers that may obstruct traffic.

Moving across traffic means that vehicles are passing through a road where other vehicles may be moving past the path of a driver. Movement also occurs at all intersections, pedestrian crossings, railway crossings, and in traffic controlled by traffic wardens/police.

Moving while overtaking means traveling from the same direction but at different speeds and safely overtaking other vehicles. This movement is also the same when overtaking and when being overtaken.

Moving in a reverse direction means driving a vehicle back to its original direction. For example, examples of moving in a reverse direction include reversing when about to park, making a U-turn, and performing a three-point turn.

Moving out of the traffic flow means performing a maneuver to stop or park a vehicle out of the traffic flow and exit, leaving the roadway by turning left or right to stop the car or to halt during an emergency. Turn on the hazard lights when stopping at the roadside or during an emergency.

There are 6 factors or conditions identified as causes of accidents if drivers are not careful on the road, namely:

a) Ensure the health and mental state of the driver is in good condition. A driver who is tired, drowsy, angry, worried, or anxious should not drive.

b) Do not drive after consuming alcoholic beverages or under the influence of drugs.

c) Be smart in adapting to changing weather or road conditions.

d) Do not use medications that have not been approved by a doctor. Instead, seek medical advice if experiencing health issues.

e) Practice the two (2) seconds or four (4) seconds rule when following other vehicles.

f) Do not overtake in prohibited areas and always practice safe routine (CITO) while driving.

g) Always be patient and considerate, and adhere to road signs and signals.

a) Follow and adjust your speed according to the road conditions and the prescribed speed limit as each road is built with a speed and flow in mind.

b) Reduce speed during rain, on slippery, damaged, bumpy roads, and so on.

c) Avoid overtaking on narrow roads.

d) Avoid driving through puddles as the driver cannot predict their depth.

Damaged road surfaces can cause accidents and damage vehicles.

a) The brakes, lights, brake lights, turn signals, and horn are always functioning properly.

b) The tires and windshield wipers are still good and functioning.

c) The seat belts can be used and fastened while driving.

d) Test the brakes and turn signals and adapt to the conditions.

Old and poorly maintained vehicles should not be driven on the road because these vehicles can break down suddenly and increase the risk of accidents.

a) Bad weather will affect driving in terms of:

i) Driver's concentration is affected.

ii) Visibility becomes less clear. iii) The stopping distance of vehicles will increase.

b) Drivers need to be cautious when driving in poor weather conditions and are advised to stop in a safe place because this can impair and obstruct the driver's ability to continue driving.

Drivers are prohibited from turning on hazard lights while driving in bad weather EXCEPT when the driver is in distress and is moving to find a safe place.

a) Bright sunlight can cause glare and impair the driver's vision and concentration. Drivers are advised to wear sunglasses to avoid the effects of sunlight glare.

b) Similarly, excessive or insufficient light, morning sunlight, and light from oncoming traffic also pose obstacles to driving. In this situation, the eyes will return to normal from glare in about 7 seconds, and if the driver is traveling at a speed of 70 km per hour, the distance the car travels is approximately 140 meters. Therefore, drivers need to adjust their speed in such conditions.

a) The state of traffic congestion can cause stress to drivers and subsequently, complicate driving which can increase the risk of accidents. Therefore, drivers are advised to use alternative routes if they find the road they intend to take congested.

b) Areas near shopping centers, industrial areas, school zones, sports complexes, and others are also among the congested areas and are factors that can lead to accidents.

i) The failure of drivers to properly practice the rule of maintaining a safe following distance and scanning ahead for at least 100 meters can lead to collisions with the vehicle in front.

ii) Following too closely can cause drivers to lose control of their vehicle during the drive, including noticing hazards, seeing signals from the vehicle ahead, and reacting safely in case of unexpected situations that may result in a collision.

i) The failure of the driver to detect hazards including the presence of motorcycles in the vehicle's surroundings through the rearview and side mirrors, signaling sufficiently at least 3 seconds before changing direction can lead to a collision with the vehicle behind.

ii) A cautious driver will always check the rearview and side mirrors every 5 - 10 seconds to ensure that no vehicle is following too closely.

i) The driver's failure to make a decision on whether it is safe to overtake.

ii) The failure to practice overtaking rules such as looking ahead and ensuring there is a safe space at least 100 meters or 12 seconds ahead.

iii) The failure to understand, detect, and check blind spots.

i) The failure of the driver to look in the side mirror to detect hazards to provide space for overtaking by safely bringing the vehicle closer to the left and complying with lane usage rules/disciplines.

ii) The failure of the driver to cooperate such as increasing the speed of the vehicle when there are other vehicles trying to overtake.

i) The driver's failure to plan the journey or being unsure of the route direction.

ii) The driver's failure to signal and communicate with other road users.

iii) The driver's failure to follow the rules at intersections.

Changing lanes hastily without signaling is the cause of collisions.

ROAD SAFETY VALUE

Drivers need to practice consideration, give way when necessary, and respect other road users to avoid collisions.

The use of gadgets while driving is one of the causes of collision situations.

Driving in various conditions is a driving situation that goes through different scenarios, terrains, traffic, and hazards. This situation requires a driver to have the appropriate skills, experience, and abilities to drive safely.

A prudent driver must be wise in managing the congested traffic conditions in urban roads, namely:

(Image: Each vehicle chooses the correct lane)

a) Winding, hilly roads with poor surface conditions.

b) Areas where animals cross.

c) Hazards that appear suddenly.

i. Be aware of the position of motorcycles that are close to vehicles.

ii. Always practice safe routines (CITO) to avoid colliding with other vehicles, especially when making any movement.

iii. Be patient and control your feelings towards motorcyclists who practice dangerous and rude riding styles.

i. Drivers need to be careful when approaching tunnels by practicing safe routines (CITO).

ii. Turn on the lights while in the tunnel and be extra cautious when driving in the tunnel because the visibility zone is more limited.

iii. Ensure a safe following distance and comply with all traffic signals.

i. When passing through urban areas, there are focal points, such as shopping malls, markets, and school zones, where drivers need to pay more attention to pedestrians.

ii. Slow down the vehicle and drive carefully.

iii. Give priority to them to cross or obey the traffic lights at pedestrian crossings.

a) Ensuring that the vehicle is in good condition and can be safely used before and during driving.

b) Driving in the correct lane and not exceeding the prescribed speed limit.

c) It is prohibited to drive in the emergency lane except in permitted areas.

d) Taking a break in designated areas if feeling sleepy or after being tired from driving during a journey.

e) Using the hazard lane when overtaking.

f) Practicing safe routines (CITO), always adhering to and complying with traffic instructions through the displayed signals.

g) Fully cooperating with instructions for early detection of any abnormal conditions in the vehicle.

8.1. Ensure all lights are functioning well and correctly adjusted so that they can be used perfectly.

8.2. Always be alert and pay attention to the surrounding conditions more carefully.

8.3. Maximize the use of lights without compromising the safety and comfort of other drivers.

8.4. At every intersection, drivers need to observe hazards that are not clearly visible.

8.5. Avoid driving fast to be able to stop/avoid safely in case any unexpected hazard appears such as pedestrians or animals.

8.6. Ensure a safe following distance to have enough space and time to react.

8.7. Drivers are prohibited from using high beams when passing by or following other vehicles. The light of the vehicle will reflect through the rearview mirror of the car in front and dazzle the eyes of the driver of the vehicle ahead.8.8. If a vehicle from the opposite direction is using high beams, blink the lights for communication. ...

8.8. If a vehicle from the opposite direction is using high beams, flash your lights to communicate and signal the driver of the vehicle ahead to lower their beams.

8.9. Avoid using fog lights or additional lights when driving in the city. These lights are too bright and have a high intensity which can cause glare for other drivers.

8.10. For motorcycle riders/passengers, wearing bright clothing and reflective jackets greatly improves visibility to other drivers.

8.11. Turn on your signal lights when necessary and turn them off immediately after use.

8.12. Hazard lights should only be turned on in emergency situations.

9.1. Driving situations in hot or rainy conditions or strong winds or any weather conditions that may pose a risk to driving.

9.2. Actions that need to be considered while driving are as follows:
a) Conduct a vehicle inspection routine (VIR) before starting the journey.

b) Wear dark glasses to help reduce glare in order to maintain eye focus compared to not wearing them.

c) Use the air conditioning (if available) for comfort while reducing stress due to hot temperatures.

d) Be cautious when turning and avoid overtaking while in a curve. (slow in fast out according to the situation).

e) Always ensure the temperature gauge is below the warning level and avoid using congested roads in hot weather.

f) Turn on the headlights/daytime running lights (DRL) during rain and thick fog when visibility is low so that other road users can see the presence of the vehicle.

g) Rain can limit visibility, especially when the windshield wipers are not functioning well.

h) Wet roads can reduce tire grip on the road surface. Practice the four-second rule (4s). Driving fast on damp roads or during heavy rain can cause water to accumulate between the tires and the road surface, making it difficult to control the vehicle (Aquaplaning). This phenomenon is also called Hydroplaning.

i) Low-lying areas and hilly regions will cause water to pool on the road surface. Drivers must take precautions and avoid using these areas during rain.

j) Worn tires cannot grip the road properly. Ensure that tire tread is always in good condition.

k) When passing through waterlogged roads, stop and assess the depth of the water. Use an alternative route (if available).

l) Driving in fog is a difficult and dangerous driving situation as low visibility reduces the ability to judge distance. Practice safe distance rules based on driving visibility.

10.1. In the event of vehicle breakdown, park the vehicle far away from the roadside and turn on the hazard lights.

10.2. Place a triangular warning sign with reflective elements approximately 45.7 meters (50 yards) away to alert other road users.

10.3. Contact the relevant parties to repair or tow the vehicle to prevent any unwanted incidents.

11.1. Brake Failure

a) The driver should press the brake pedal several times which may restore brake pressure. If this fails, use the handbrake (for vehicles) in a controlled manner to slow down the vehicle.

b) Shift to a lower gear gradually using engine braking to slow down the vehicle and look for a suitable and safe place to stop the vehicle.

11.2. Vehicle Skidding

a) If the vehicle skids due to front or rear slipping, release the accelerator immediately, and turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction of the skid.

b) Then straighten the steering wheel and continue driving.

Slow down the vehicle using the brakes in a controlled manner and look for a suitable place to stop, engage the handbrake (for cars) to stop the vehicle, free the gear, and turn off the engine.

If the vehicle's headlights do not work while driving, slow down the vehicle and navigate using the light of other vehicles or follow the white lines on the road, while also turning on the hazard lights. Stop in a safe area.

a) Stop the vehicle immediately on the shoulder of the road, turn off the engine, and remove the passengers in the vehicle.

b) Extinguish the fire using a fire extinguisher or seek help from other road users.

c) If the fire cannot be controlled, leave the vehicle and contact the fire department.

If the bonnet opens while driving, brake gently and stop on the shoulder of the road / in a safe area while checking through the window and side mirrors for driver guidance.

a) Drive slowly and signal left, stop in the emergency lane, turn on the hazard lights, and if it happens at night, turn on the lights in the vehicle as well.

b) Ensure that the triangular warning sign is placed at a distance of not less than 45.7 meters (50 yards) behind the vehicle.

If the windscreen breaks while driving, reduce your speed, look through the window, and stop at a safe place. Contact the relevant authorities and it is advised not to continue driving.

The driver must ensure that all emergency equipment is always in good condition to assist the driver in case of any emergencies such as the following:

i) Triangular warning sign

ii) First aid kit and manual

iii) Flashlight

iv) Dry type fire extinguisher

v) Jack and wrench

vi) Wheel nut opener

vii) Jumper cables

viii) A container with clean water

ix) Adjustable wrench

x) Screwdriver

xi) Spark plug wrench

xii) Pliers

i) Adjustable spanner

ii) Screwdriver

iii) Spark plug remover

iv) Pliers

Before starting to drive, we need to be familiar with the components of the vehicle, fuel, fluids, water, electricity, and rubber in terms of their main functions and maintenance to ensure they are in optimum condition.

i) Function as a power supply to the vehicle's engine.

ii) Open the cover located on top of the tank to fill petrol and ensure the tank is always in a clean condition.

iii) The cover must be tightly closed every time after being opened.

iv) Ensure the vehicle uses the correct fuel.

i) The battery serves as an energy supplier to the electric motor.

ii) Use the original charger and charge according to the charging time and method specified in the manual to avoid overcharging and over-discharging.

iii) Turn off the electric power source after a full charge.

a) Acts as a lubricant, coolant, and engine cleaner.

b) Oil grades vary according to the needs of the motorcycle engine.

c) Engine oil grade refers to the measurement of oil viscosity at a specific temperature.

d) 4-stroke and 2-stroke motorcycles use different engine oils.

e) The motorcycle engine will be damaged if the engine oil is insufficient, dirty, and old.

Made of rubber and located on the front and rear wheels of the motorcycle which functions to:

a) Receiving the motorcycle's load on the road.

b) Absorbing shocks well.

c) Facilitating the control of the motorcycle.

d) Ensure that the tires are in perfect condition and have sufficient air pressure so that the motorcycle does not easily lose control and fall.

. The motorcycle chain must be in a lubricated condition.

. It should have the appropriate tension.

. The chain slack distance should be at least 15 - 20 mm.

. A chain that is too tight, loose, or dirty can damage the motorcycle drive system and can be hazardous to the rider.

It needs to be maintained according to the specifications recommended by the motorcycle manufacturer

.A shaft and belt that are not properly maintained can damage the drive system and may endanger the motorcycle rider.

a) Functions to slow down and stop the motorcycle.

b) There are two types of brakes, namely:

>> Allows motor vehicle wheels to maintain traction contact with the road surface according to the driver's input.

>> Helps to prevent the wheels from locking (stopping rotation) and avoids losing control due to skidding.

. Using the cable connected through the position of the right foot.

a) Functions to supply electrical current to start the engine and store electrical energy for use when the engine is not operating.

b) There are two types of batteries, namely dry cells and wet cells.

c) Electric motorcycles also have batteries to drive the electric motor.

a) Functions to transfer engine power through the gearbox to the rear wheels of the motorcycle and facilitate the shifting from one gear to another.

b) The clutch system is connected using the lever located on the left side of the handlebar.

c) Adjusting the clutch lever helps in perfect gear shifting. Improper use of the clutch can cause damage and the motorcycle to lose control.

d) Electric motorcycles do not have a clutch because they use an electric motor to drive the vehicle.

a) Functions to illuminate the road and signal to other road users at all times whether in rainy conditions, foggy weather, or areas such as tunnels and so on.

b) Divided into four types of lights namely the front main light, rear main light, brake light, and indicator light.

c) High and low beams function to provide the capability of longer or shorter visibility distance when moving forward.

d) Types of lights on motorcycles:

ii. High beam lights are used to illuminate the road.

iii. Daytime Running Lights (DRL) are intended to enhance the visibility of other road users towards motorcycles and will turn on automatically when the engine is started.

f) When you use turn signals, you are actually showing consideration for other road users; they don’t have to brake or stop without a valid reason. Other road users will respect you if you use or activate your turn signals properly.

g) Ways to use lights on a motorcycle:

i) Low Light and Brake Light

a) The horn is an important instrument on a motorcycle that serves to warn and alert road users.

b) A non-functioning horn will cause the driver to fail to warn other road users.

c) Incorrect use of the horn can lead to anger from other road users and create a bad image, as well as provoke other users if misused.

d) How to ensure the horn is functioning:

a) Functions to see movement behind, on the left and right.

b) Drivers need to check the side mirrors to see the movement of vehicles behind on the left and right to ensure safety before changing direction while driving.

Riders cannot see the rear direction if the side mirror is too dirty.

Before driving, we need to recognize the components of the vehicle, fuel, fluids, water, electricity, and rubber in terms of their main functions and maintenance so that they are in optimum condition.

i) Petrol;

ii) Diesel; and

iii) Battery (EV).

i) Engine oil to reduce friction in the engine

ii) Gear oil to facilitate gear shifting. For a manual gearbox, the gearbox oil can be measured and needs to be changed according to specific time intervals as per the Vehicle Maintenance Schedule Book.

ii) Steering oil to ensure the power steering functions fully.

iv) Brake fluid to ensure the brakes are fully functional

i) Change this oil after a certain period or a specific distance depending on the type of engine oil used.

ii) Engine oil must be changed every 5,000 km or 3 months, whichever comes first, or depending on the vehicle manufacturer (only semi-synthetic oil).

i) Radiator to control the engine temperature and power source system.

ii) Windshield washer to spray water onto the windshield.

ii) Battery to supply and store electrical energy.

a) Important things to check on the vehicle in terms of electrical are:

i) Battery to supply and store electrical energy.

ii) Lights to illuminate the road and signal.

iii) Wires to conduct electrical energy to components.

iv) Vehicle electrical accessories are in good condition.

b) Maintenance should be performed according to the frequency of travel or a specific period. Inspections are conducted in the engine compartment and the exterior of the vehicle.

c) Check the battery terminals and ensure they are clean and tight. If dirty, clean with hot water.

d) Check all lights and ensure that the front lights, rear lights, and signal lights are functioning properly. Replace any bulbs that are not lit.

e) Check the wires or electrical connections in the engine compartment to ensure they are in good condition.

i) Tire;

ii) Wiper blade;

iii) Hose; and

iv) Belt.

3.1 Ensuring the comfort and safety of drivers and passengers/riders.

3.2 Ensuring the lifespan of the vehicle.

3.3 Saving costs and time.

3.4 Reducing the risk of accidents.

i) Haji, Hajah, and Lebai who wear a turban.

ii) Sikh people who wear a turban.

i) The strap and inner part of the helmet that can provide protection to the rider.

ii) A clear and colorless face shield.

iii) Fitting and snug to protect the head so as not to disturb concentration during riding.

iv) Complying with Malaysian Standard (MS) 1 or UN Regulation No. 22.

a) Wearing shoes while riding a motorcycle is a very important safety measure.

b) Shoes can protect the feet and ankles from injury due to various risks on the road and can also prevent the feet from slipping easily.

a) Wearing motorcycle gloves while riding a motorcycle is an important step to ensure the safety and comfort of the rider.

b) It protects your hands from injury. The gloves should be of sweat-resistant type for a better grip.

a) A jacket that covers the entire body can protect the limbs from any injuries while riding and prevent injuries in the event of a collision or fall.

b) A brightly colored jacket allows you to be easily seen by other road users, especially at night.

a) Suitable ColorsWhite, yellow, or red colors on the motorcycle body or clothing worn by the rider make it easy for other road users to see you.

b) Reflective StickersReflective stickers attached to the body of the motorcycle or helmet will provide light reflection so that you are more easily seen, especially when riding in dark areas or at night.

White, yellow, or red colors on the motorcycle body or clothing worn by the rider make it easy for other road users to see you.

Reflective stickers attached to the body of the motorcycle or helmet will provide light reflection so that you are more easily seen, especially when riding in dark areas or at night.

This clothing is waterproof and can protect the user from getting wet while riding in rainy weather.

A screwdriver, spark plug spanner, wrench, and vice are very important in case of minor damage such as a flat tire, loose chain, or a malfunctioning spark plug when the vehicle is submerged in water.

a) Reducing the risk of serious injury to the driver and front and rear passengers in the event of an accident.

b) Preventing the wearer from being thrown against or ejected from the vehicle in the event of a strong impact during an accident.

3.1. The head restraint functions to reduce the risk of neck injury in the event of an accident while also providing comfort during driving.

3.2. How to adjust the head restraint correctly:a) Adjust the position of the head restraint so that at least your ears are in the middle of the head restraint.b) Ensure that the distance between the back of your head and the head restraint does not exceed 3.5 inches or one hand's grip.

Child safety seats (child restraint) are essential equipment for child passengers.

4.1. Functions similarly to a seatbelt, but it is safer and more effective compared to a seatbelt (more suitable for adults) in preventing serious injuries to the wearer in the event of an accident.

4.2. Ensure that the equipment is installed correctly according to the manufacturer's instructions regarding installation methods and adjustments for the safety and comfort of the children.

4.3 Use only approved child restraints that are suitable for the age and size of the child.

A brake system control designed to achieve perfection during braking. It is also made so that the vehicle does not easily skid during sudden or high-speed braking.

i) tire grip on the road is poor;

ii) wet road surface;

iii) slippery road surface

7.1. The safety airbag is one of the passive safety features found in most modern vehicles. It is designed to protect passengers during an accident by reducing the risk of serious injuries, especially to the head, chest, and neck.

7.2. The safety airbag is located in the steering wheel, the dashboard for the front passenger, and for rear passengers.

7.3. This airbag system functions similarly to a seatbelt, providing additional protection for the driver and passengers, particularly in major collisions.

7.4. This system is activated automatically when sensors in the vehicle detect a certain level of force. Avoid placing children in the front passenger seat, as the force generated by the airbag when deployed can cause injury to children.

Wearing seatbelts is a priority. DO NOT rely entirely on airbags. Wearing seatbelts while driving, especially in vehicles equipped with airbags, increases safety levels.

Steps that can be taken if involved in an accident:

8.1. Stop and warn other road users.

8.2. Turn on the emergency hazard lights on the vehicle and place a warning triangle at an appropriate location and distance so that other drivers can be aware of the emergency situation ahead.

8.3. If the vehicle is still movable, move it to the side of the road to prevent traffic congestion or the risk of further accidents.

8.4. If there are serious injuries, call an ambulance for immediate medical assistance.

8.5. Report the accident to the police, especially if there are injuries or serious property damage.

8.6. Do not put yourself in a dangerous situation for other road users.

8.7. Even if the injuries seem minor, it is best to go to a hospital or clinic for a check-up. Some internal injuries may not be immediately visible but can become serious if left untreated.

8.8 Calm yourself and check if you are injured. If there is pain or serious injury, do not move too much and wait for help to arrive. If there are other passengers involved, make sure they are also okay. Provide basic assistance if they have minor injuries.

8.9. Take the name, phone number, registration number, type of vehicle, and insurance information of other drivers involved. If there are witnesses at the scene, try to obtain their information. They may be useful if there is a dispute about the incident.

8.10. Take pictures of the accident area, damaged vehicles, and any signs or marks on the road (such as skid marks) as evidence.

8.11. Do not give any food, drink, or other materials to the victims of the traffic accident.

8.12. Contact your insurance company as soon as possible after the accident. Provide all the information gathered and report any damages or injuries sustained. The insurance claim process will be smoother if the report is made immediately.

8.13. Keep copies of the police report, medical records, and documents related to the accident. This is important for the insurance claim process or future reference.